Meaning of "High Crimes and Misdemeanors"
by Jon Roland, Constitution Society
The question of impeachment turns on the meaning of the phrase in the
Constitution at Art. II Sec. 4, "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and
Misdemeanors". I have carefully researched the origin of the phrase "high
crimes and misdemeanors" and its meaning to the Framers, and found that the key
to understanding it is the word "high". It does not mean "more serious". It
refers to those punishable offenses that only apply to high persons, that is,
to public officials, those who, because of their official status, are under
special obligations that ordinary persons are not under, and which could not be
meaningfully applied or justly punished if committed by ordinary persons.
Under the English common law tradition, crimes were defined through a
legacy of court proceedings and decisions that punished offenses not because
they were prohibited by statutes, but because they offended the sense of
justice of the people and the court. Whether an offense could qualify as
punishable depended largely on the obligations of the offender, and the
obligations of a person holding a high position meant that some actions, or
inactions, could be punishable if he did them, even though they would not be if
done by an ordinary person.
Offenses of this kind survive today in the Uniform Code of Military
Justice. It recognizes as punishable offenses such things as perjury of oath,
refusal to obey orders, abuse of authority, dereliction of duty, failure to
supervise, moral turpitude, and conduct unbecoming. These would not be offenses
if committed by a civilian with no official position, but they are offenses
which bear on the subject's fitness for the duties he holds, which he is bound
by oath or affirmation to perform.
Perjury is usually defined as "lying under oath". That is not quite
right. The original meaning was "violation of one's oath (or affirmation)".
The word "perjury" is usually defined today as "lying under oath about a
material matter", but that is not its original or complete meaning, which is
"violation of an oath". We can see this by consulting the original Latin from
which the term comes. From
An Elementary Latin Dictionary, by Charlton
T. Lewis (1895), Note that the letter "j" is the letter "i" in Latin.
- periurium, i, n,, a false oath, perjury.
- periurus, adj., oath-breaking, false to vows, perjured. iuro,
avi, atus, are, to swear, take an oath.
- iurator, oris, m., a swearer.
- iuratus, adj., sworn under oath, bound by an oath.
- ius, iuris, that which is binding, right, justice, duty.
- per, ... IV. Of means or manner, through, by, by means of, ...
under pretense of, by the pretext of, ....
By Art. II Sec. 1 Cl. 8, the president must swear: "I do solemnly swear
(or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the
United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend
the Constitution of the United States." He is bound by this oath in all matters
until he leaves office. No additional oath is needed to bind him to tell the
truth in anything he says, as telling the truth is pursuant to all matters
except perhaps those relating to national security. Any public statement is
perjury if it is a lie, and not necessary to deceive an enemy.
When a person takes an oath (or affirmation) before giving testimony, he
is assuming the role of an official, that of "witness under oath", for the
duration of his testimony. That official position entails a special obligation
to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, and in that
capacity, one is punishable in a way he would not be as an ordinary person not
under oath. Therefore, perjury is a high crime.
An official such as the president does not need to take a special oath
to become subject to the penalties of perjury. He took an oath, by Art. II Sec.
1 Cl. 8, to "faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States"
and to "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States" to
the best of his ability. While he holds that office, he is always under oath,
and lying at any time constitutes perjury if it is not justified for national
security.
Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr erred in presenting in his referral
only those offenses which could be "laid at the feet" of the president. He
functioned like a prosecutor of an offense against criminal statutes that apply
to ordinary persons and are provable by the standards of "proof beyond a
reasonable doubt". That is not to say that such offenses are not also high
crimes or misdemeanors when committed by an official bound by oath. Most such
offenses are. But "high crimes and misdemeanors" also includes other offenses,
applicable only to a public official, for which the standard is "preponderance
of evidence". Holding a particular office of trust is not a right, but a
privilege, and removal from such office is not a punishment. Disablement of the
right to hold any office in the future would be a punishment, and therefore the
standards of "proof beyond a reasonable doubt" would apply before that ruling
could be imposed by the Senate.
It should be noted, however, that when an offense against a statute is
also a "high crime or misdemeanor", it may be, and usually is, referred to by a
different name, when considered as such. Thus, an offense like "obstruction of
justice" or "subornation of perjury" may become "abuse of authority" when done
by an official bound by oath. As such it would be grounds for impeachment and
removal from office, but would be punishable by its statutory name once the
official is out of office.
An executive official is ultimately responsible for any failures of his
subordinates and for their violations of the oath he and they took, which means
violations of the Constitution and the rights of persons. It is not necessary
to be able to prove that such failures or violations occurred at his
instigation or with his knowledge, to be able, in Starr's words, to "lay them
at the feet" of the president. It is sufficient to show, on the preponderance
of evidence, that the president was aware of misconduct on the part of his
subordinates, or should have been, and failed to do all he could to remedy the
misconduct, including termination and prosecution of the subordinates and
compensation for the victims or their heirs. The president's subordinates
include everyone in the executive branch, and their agents and contractors. It
is not limited to those over whom he has direct supervision. He is not
protected by "plausible deniability". He is legally responsible for everything
that everyone in the executive branch is doing.
Therefore, the appropriate subject matter for an impeachment and removal
proceeding is the full range of offenses against the Constitution and against
the rights of persons committed by subordinate officials and their agents which
have not been adequately investigated or remedied. The massacre at Waco, the
assault at Ruby Ridge, and many, many other illegal or excessive assaults by
federal agents, and the failure of the president to take action against the
offenders, is more than enough to justify impeachment and removal from office
on grounds of dereliction of duty. To these we could add the many suspicious
incidents that indicate covered up crimes by federal agents, including the
suspicious deaths of persons suspected of being knowledgeable of wrongdoing by
the president or others in the executive branch, or its contractors.
The impeachment and removal process should be a debate on the entire
field of proven and suspected misconduct by federal officials and agents under
this president, and if judged to have been excessive by reasonable standards,
to be grounds for removal, even if direct complicity cannot be shown.
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